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Crit Care Nurse 2002 Apr; 22(2): 123-124
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Protocols for Practice
Applying Research at the Bedside

Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring

Kathleen R Dobbin, RN, MS

Kathleen R Dobbin is a nurse practitioner in the Pulmonary Sleep Disorders Program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.

This column is designed to provide the latest research findings in patient care in a format that is easy to understand and integrate into clinical practice. The information is drawn from individual protocols in the various Protocols for Practice series available from AACN, which cover research-based practice protocols in detail.

For more 20 years, noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitors have been widely used in operating rooms and critical care units to closely monitor blood pressure in patients of all ages. Despite the widespread use of automated blood pressure monitors, clinicians continue to deliberate over the accuracy and reliability of automated NIBP devices compared to other methods of blood pressure determination. The following answers to commonly asked questions about the use of NIBP monitoring are based on clinical research.

Q: How do blood pressure measurements obtained with automatic noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) devices compare to direct arterial measurement of blood pressure?

Clinical research studies have demonstrated that when blood pressures (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial) determined by NIBP monitors from various manufacturers are compared to direct arterial pressures, the two values are, on average, within 5 mm Hg of each other.1–9 Factors such as the anatomical location of measurement contribute to the differences that exist between direct and indirect methods. For example, in comparing brachial arterial pressure obtained by the NIBP monitor to radial arterial pressure obtained by direct arterial cannulation, radial arterial pressure is normally higher because the radial artery is a smaller vessel and creates greater resistance to flow, which in turn leads to a higher blood pressure reading than that determined via the brachial artery.

These studies also indicate that occasionally, an individual NIBP blood pressure determination value will vary by as much as 37 mm Hg from the direct arterial value.1–9 This large discrepancy indicates that treatment should never be made based on a single NIBP determination without comparison to an auscultatory blood pressure determination or several consecutive measurements performed by an NIBP monitor.

Q: Is it important to use the correct cuff size when using automatic NIBP devices?

Yes. Using a cuff that is too small will lead to falsely high readings, and using a cuff that is too large will lead to falsely low readings. The cuff width selected should equal 40% of the arm circumference (see FigureGo). The American Heart Association recommendations for appropriate cuff sizes based on upper-arm circumference should also be followed when using NIBP monitors (see TableGo).10



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  		Placement of noninvasive blood pressure cuff on upper arm

 

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  		Table American Heart Association recommended sizes for blood pressure cuffs based on arm circumference10

 
Q: Are there any patient-related complications associated with using NIBP devices?

Skin and tissue compression from NIBP monitors, which can lead to skin irritation and bruising, are probably the most commonly occurring complications. Prolonged use and frequent blood pressure determinations can lead to venous pooling and congestion. Excessive venous pressures can lead to tissue ischemia and nerve damage.11,12

Q: What factors can interfere with obtaining accurate NIBP measurements?

Several circumstances can prevent accurate determination of blood pressure with NIBP devices. Highly irregular or rapid cardiac rhythms make it difficult to accurately determine blood pressure using NIBP devices because of the great beat to beat variability. Most NIBP devices employ oscillometric technology that is dependent on fairly regular cardiac rhythms to determine blood pressure. Excessive patient movement such as shivering, restlessness, or external movement such as that from a helicopter, ambulance transport, or a rapid-cycling ventilator can interfere with detection of cardiac oscillations by the NIBP monitor. This can lead to erroneous blood pressure measurements.1,13

Note

This article was first published in CRITICAL CARE NURSE April 1998.

References

  1. Derrico D. Comparison of blood pressure measurement methods in critically ill children. Dimens Crit Care Nurse. 1993;12(1):31–39.
  2. Venus B, Mathru M, Smith R, Pham C. Direct versus indirect blood pressure measurements in critically ill patients. Heart Lung. 1985;14(3):228–231.[Medline]
  3. Johnson C, Kerr J. Automatic blood pressure monitors: a clinical evaluation of five models in adults. Anaesthesia. 1985;40:471–478.[Medline]
  4. Borow K, Newburger J. Noninvasive estimation of central aortic pressure using the oscillometric method for analyzing systemic artery pulsatile blood flow: comparative study of indirect systolic, diastolic, and mean brachial artery pressure with simultaneous direct ascending aortic pressure measurements. Am Heart J. 1982;103(5):879–886.[Medline]
  5. Park MK, Menard SM. Accuracy of blood pressure measurement by the Dinamap monitor in infants and children [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 1988;81(5):683]. Pediatrics. 1987;79(6):907–914.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Silas JH, Barker AT, Ramsay LE. Clinical evaluation of Dinamap 845 automated blood pressure recorder. Br Heart J. 1980;43:202–205.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Ramsey M. Noninvasive automatic determination of mean arterial pressure. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1979;17:11–18.[Medline]
  8. Baker LK. DINAMAPTM monitor versus direct blood pressure measurements. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 1986;5(4):228–235.[Medline]
  9. Rutten A, Ilsley A, Skowronski G, Runcman W. A comparative study of the measurement of mean arterial blood pressure using automatic oscillometers, arterial cannulation and auscultation. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1986;14(1):58–65.[Medline]
  10. Frohlich E, Grim C, Labarthe D, et al. Recommendations for human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometers: American Heart Association Committee Report. Hypertension. 1988;11:210A–222A.
  11. Ramsey M. Blood pressure monitoring: automated oscillometric devices. J Clin Monit. 1991;7:56–57.[Medline]
  12. Blitt C. Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1990.
  13. Larrivee C, Joseph D. Strategies for teaching decision making: discrepancies in cuff versus invasive blood pressures. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 1992;11(5):278–285.[Medline]




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